Following a review ofthe literature on hemispheric differences, Goldberg, Podell, and Lovell (1994)have suggested the following principle of hemispheric specialisation ….. Daigneaultet al then exposed 259 normal adults to seven selected frontal lobe tests, anda factor analysis of the results revealed five “prefrontal functionalconstructs”, as follows ….. Lezak is another who has pointed to the problems of assessing executivefunctions (eg. Lezak, 1982).
“The frontal lobes arethe seat of coordination and fusion of the incoming and outgoing products ofthe several sensory and motor areas of the cortex” (Bianchi, 1895, p34). David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel were two scientists who studied the electrical activity of neurones in the visual cortex of different animals. They were the first to discover the presence of ocular dominance columns and they determined that both right and left ocular dominance columns exist which are stimulated by visual input from the right and left eyes respectively. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) / Obsessive BehavioursOCD is a diagnosable medical condition where a person feels unable to control a compulsion to do things repeatedly or organise things is a very rigid way.
Which scientist’s work is most closely linked to Lorenz’s theory of aggression? …
- The larger brain allowed for better social cognition, which helped in forming alliances, organizing group hunts, and passing down knowledge through language and culture.
- Global Developmental Delay (GDD)Where the term Global Developmental Delay is used, this means that the difficulties are across the whole of development.
- This change marks an important milestone in human evolution, as it reflects the beginning of more advanced cognitive processes like tool-making, communication, and problem-solving.
- MDMA prevents the neurone’s ability to reabsorb serotonin from synapses by binding to and blocking reuptake proteins on the presynaptic membrane.
This information can then be used to create new drugs to target those proteins. Genome sequencing has also identified tiny genetic variations between people where just one nucleotide differs – the fancy term for this is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This has resulted in a new area of healthcare called personalised medicine where doctors can prescribe a unique treatment plan depending on the genetic variations found in each individual patient. FMRI scans are similar to MRI scans but they can also be used to research the function of different brain structures. For example, a person inside the scanner may be asked to look at images of different faces.
- IQ tests can provide valuable insights, helping you understand your aptitudes and strengths.
- However, looking at them through the lens of fluid intelligence, I have a hunch that they are somehow connected.
- When comparing brain sizes between species, we must also account for body size.
- Jacobs(2004 online) is nothappy that the Mini Mental Status Examination addresses frontal function, andsuggests a “Maxi Mental” test to go with it.
- He was particularlyenthusiastic about Lezak’s work on goal management training introduced inSection 6, and recommended recent applications of same by Brian Levine atthe University of Toronto (eg. Levine et al, 2000online abstract).
- CVI is not considered to be a sensory processing disorder, although it does cause sensory processing difficulties.
The best clinicians, she argued, arethe ones who are most “acutely aware of the strengths and limitations ofthe assessment tools”. Godefroy’steam therefore recommends cerebrumiq a more focused attack on the problem, and identifiesthree discrete research objectives, namely (1) to decipher the role played byshort-term storage, (2) to establish the “architecture of executivefunctions” (p16), and (3) to specify the various “controloperations”. It is a rare treat to see such a technical approach in anarea usually reserved for clinicians and philosophers. Notingthat frontal patients regularly made bizarre estimates of such things as value,Shallice and Evans (1978) reported on experience with “CognitiveEstimation” Tasks (CET). Patient JS had suffered “a massive rightfrontal lesion” in an explosion, but his pre- and post-event intelligencescores were nevertheless the same.
What is the typical range for a ‘normal’ IQ score? …
In 1984, for example,Milner and Petrides (1984) added the Self-Ordered Pointing Test (SOPT)to the frontal assessment repertoire glossary. Thiswas followed by Reitan and Wolfson’s (1985)�resurrection of the Trail Making Test (TMT), a simplepen-and-paper task in which the patient has to join up specified sequences ofletters and/or numbers printed randomly across the page. The test waspreviously part of the Army IndividualTest Battery (1944), and comes in twoparts. Part A requires only that patients connect a sequence of numbers, say inascending order. Part B, however, requires that numbers and letters beconnected alternately in ascending order, and provides the better test offrontal performance (Stern and Prohaska, 1996, p252).
Then, they looked at the relationship between NAA concentrations in different regions of the brain and fluid intelligence. Neurons whose cell bodies reside in the gray matter of your cerebral cortex, for instance, communicate with each other, and with deeper parts of the brain, via axons that are insulated with a fatty substance called myelin that speeds up neural conduction. If axons of your cortical neurons (where intelligence is thought to reside) are better insulated than in an average brain (greater myelination permits faster conduction speed), then different parts of your brain might communicate faster than average, think faster than average and be smarter than average. She was particularlyinsistent on the need for the “generalisation of training gains beyond thetraining context” (ibid.), but saw little value in simplerepetitive practice unless it had day-to-day relevance. Moreover, although thenature of the brain’s various memory systems implied that we often needed tostimulate the hippocampus, we actually had “no real idea” how to doso in practice, neither in terms of tasks which would “force episodicbinding” nor of when to apply them if we had them.
A toy company is assessing a new product for children’s cognitive development. What…
If CVI is diagnosed, then, in terms of labels, the person arguably no longer has ADHD. They have CVI leading to ADHD like reactive behaviours.Further reading UKs NHS Pages on ADHD. Anothernot uncommon cluster of frontal lobe lesions arises following haemorrhage of the anteriorcommunicating artery (ACoA), that part of thecircle of Willis which connects the two anterior cerebral arteries justanterior to the optic chiasm. According to Parkin and Leng (1993), the ACoA iscuriously prone to the development of aneurisms, and when such aneurismsrupture they reduce the supply to the basal forebrain, the septal area, and theanterior portions of the cingulate gyrus, fornix, hypothalamus, and corpuscallosum. As to the resulting clinical picture, Parkin and Leng (1993)summarise a number of separate case reports and report a severe confusionalstate, attention problems, severe retrograde amnesia, and misorientation to anearlier time period.
